Natural environments of fish vary in sound and light conditions. Free-ranging fish continuously decide whether the fluctuations in ambient levels for both modalities contain relevant signals or cues that require a behavioural change. Sounds may come from biotic or abiotic sources and may concern irrelevant background or may signal the presence of food, predators, or conspecifics or may serve as acoustic guidance to specific micro-habitat. Spatial or temporal variation in light levels may indicate potential predators overhead, hiding places, time of day, or seasonal changes. In the last century, human activities have changed aquatic habitats in making them more noisy with a variety of artificial sounds (Popper et al. 2003; Slabbekoorn et al. 2010; Radford et al. 2014). Shipping activities, pile driving, seismic surveys and explosions cause more or less continuous hums and more or less predictable intermittent pulses, typically of low frequency and wide-band in nature. There is also light pollution underwater, especially around off-shore platforms, boats, bridges and along the coast.
کلید واژگان :Anthropogenic noise, sound exposure, spatial behaviour, zebrafish
ارزش ریالی : 300000 ریال
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